
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Patents} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Breakthrough patents}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                              & $t-5$         & $t$           & $t+5$         & $t+10$        & $t-5$         & $t$           & $t+5$         & $t+10$ \\   
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity          & 0.118         & 0.219$^{***}$ & 0.089         & 0.165$^{**}$  & -0.001        & 0.043         & 0.030$^{**}$  & 0.030\\   
                              & (0.078)       & (0.061)       & (0.113)       & (0.074)       & (0.024)       & (0.026)       & (0.014)       & (0.020)\\   
   Population                 & 0.026$^{*}$   & -0.016        & 0.018         & 0.017         & 0.006$^{*}$   & -0.011        & -0.007$^{**}$ & -0.005\\   
                              & (0.014)       & (0.053)       & (0.017)       & (0.013)       & (0.004)       & (0.015)       & (0.003)       & (0.004)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.024         & 0.078$^{***}$ & -0.012        & 0.095$^{*}$   & 0.003         & 0.016$^{**}$  & 0.022$^{**}$  & 0.009\\   
                               & (0.054)       & (0.022)       & (0.045)       & (0.047)       & (0.013)       & (0.008)       & (0.009)       & (0.017)\\   
   Predicted population        & 0.039$^{**}$  & 0.003         & 0.039$^{**}$  & 0.025$^{*}$   & 0.010         & -0.008        & -0.005        & -0.003\\   
                               & (0.016)       & (0.040)       & (0.019)       & (0.014)       & (0.007)       & (0.010)       & (0.006)       & (0.004)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.152         & 0.438$^{**}$  & -0.017        & 0.298$^{**}$  & 0.023         & 0.094         & 0.066$^{**}$  & 0.025\\   
                                         & (0.294)       & (0.182)       & (0.144)       & (0.137)       & (0.072)       & (0.059)       & (0.026)       & (0.051)\\   
   Population                            & 0.031         & -0.045        & 0.044         & -0.001        & 0.009         & -0.019        & -0.012$^{*}$  & -0.006\\   
                                         & (0.040)       & (0.044)       & (0.034)       & (0.023)       & (0.014)       & (0.012)       & (0.007)       & (0.005)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 22; 19        & 17; 504       & 39; 28        & 37; 33        & 22; 19        & 17; 504       & 39; 28        & 37; 33\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.174$^{***}$     & 0.179$^{***}$     & 0.301$^{***}$     & 0.318$^{***}$     & -0.080        & 0.020         & -0.164        & -0.270$^{**}$ \\
                               & (0.035)           & (0.049)           & (0.046)           & (0.051)           & (0.072)       & (0.048)       & (0.127)       & (0.126)       \\
   Predicted population        & 0.081$^{***}$     & 0.095$^{***}$     & 0.089$^{***}$     & 0.087$^{***}$     & 0.855$^{***}$ & 0.867$^{***}$ & 0.931$^{***}$ & 0.919$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.013)           & (0.019)           & (0.013)           & (0.013)           & (0.129)       & (0.101)       & (0.129)       & (0.125)       \\
    \\
   Inventor fixed effects     & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 176,961       & 209,944       & 174,858       & 158,072       & 176,961       & 209,944       & 174,858       & 158,072\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


